Last data update: Apr 22, 2024. (Total: 46599 publications since 2009)
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Query Trace: Liu H[original query] |
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Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra versus mycobacterial growth indicator tube liquid culture for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in symptomatic adults: a diagnostic accuracy study
Xie YL , Eichberg C , Hapeela N , Nakabugo E , Anyango I , Arora K , Korte JE , Odero R , van Heerden J , Zemanay W , Kennedy S , Nabeta P , Hanif M , Rodrigues C , Skrahina A , Stevens W , Dietze R , Liu X , Ellner JJ , Alland D , Joloba ML , Schumacher SG , McCarthy KD , Nakiyingi L , Dorman SE . Lancet Microbe 2024 BACKGROUND: Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Ultra) is an automated molecular test for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum. We compared the sensitivity of Ultra to that of mycobacterial growth indicator tube (MGIT) liquid culture, considered the most sensitive assay in routine clinical use. METHODS: In this prospective, multicentre, cross-sectional diagnostic accuracy study, we used a non-inferiority design to assess whether the sensitivity of a single Ultra test was non-inferior to that of a single liquid culture for detection of M tuberculosis in sputum. We enrolled adults (age ≥18 years) with pulmonary tuberculosis symptoms in 11 countries and each adult provided three sputum specimens with a minimum volume of 2 mL over 2 days. Ultra was done directly on sputum 1, and Ultra and MGIT liquid culture were done on resuspended pellet from sputum 2. Results of MGIT and solid media cultures done on sputum 3 were considered the reference standard. The pre-defined non-inferiority margin was 5·0%. FINDINGS: Between Feb 18, 2016, and Dec 4, 2019, we enrolled 2906 participants. 2600 (89%) participants were analysed, including 639 (25%) of 2600 who were positive for tuberculosis by the reference standard. Of the 2357 included in the non-inferiority analysis, 877 (37%) were HIV-positive and 984 (42%) were female. Sensitivity of Ultra performed directly on sputum 1 was non-inferior to that of sputum 2 MGIT culture (MGIT 91·1% vs Ultra 91·9%; difference -0·8 percentage points; 95% CI -2·8 to 1·1). Sensitivity of Ultra performed on sputum 2 pellet was also non-inferior to that of sputum 2 MGIT (MGIT 91·1% vs Ultra 91·9%; difference -0·8 percentage points; -2·7 to 1·0). INTERPRETATION: For the detection of M tuberculosis in sputum from adults with respiratory symptoms, there was no difference in sensitivity of a single Ultra test to that of a single MGIT culture. Highly sensitive, rapid molecular approaches for M tuberculosis detection, combined with advances in genotypic methods for drug resistance detection, have potential to replace culture. FUNDING: US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. |
Household transmission dynamics of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2-infected children: A multinational, controlled case-ascertained prospective study
Funk A , Florin TA , Kuppermann N , Finkelstein Y , Kazakoff A , Baldovsky M , Tancredi DJ , Breslin K , Bergmann KR , Gardiner M , Pruitt CM , Liu DR , Neuman MI , Wilkinson M , Ambroggio L , Pang XL , Cauchemez S , Malley R , Klassen TP , Lee BE , Payne DC , Mahmud SM , Freedman SB . Clin Infect Dis 2024 BACKGROUND: Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is highly prevalent but its acute and chronic implications have been minimally described. METHODS: In this controlled case-ascertained household transmission study, we recruited asymptomatic children <18 years with SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid testing performed at 12 tertiary care pediatric institutions in Canada and the United States. We attempted to recruit all test-positive children and 1 to 3 test-negative, site-matched controls. After 14 days' follow-up we assessed the clinical (ie, symptomatic) and combined (ie, test-positive, or symptomatic) secondary attack rates (SARs) among household contacts. Additionally, post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) was assessed in SARS-CoV-2-positive participating children after 90 days' follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 111 test-positive and 256 SARS-CoV-2 test-negative asymptomatic children were enrolled between January 2021 and April 2022. After 14 days, excluding households with co-primary cases, the clinical SAR among household contacts of SARS-CoV-2-positive and -negative index children was 10.6% (19/179; 95% CI: 6.5%-16.1%) and 2.0% (13/663; 95% CI: 1.0%-3.3%), respectively (relative risk = 5.4; 95% CI: 2.7-10.7). In households with a SARS-CoV-2-positive index child, age <5 years, being pre-symptomatic (ie, developed symptoms after test), and testing positive during Omicron and Delta circulation periods (vs earlier) were associated with increased clinical and combined SARs among household contacts. Among 77 asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2-infected children with 90-day follow-up, 6 (7.8%; 95% CI: 2.9%-16.2%) reported PCC. CONCLUSIONS: Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2-infected children, especially those <5 years, are important contributors to household transmission, with 1 in 10 exposed household contacts developing symptomatic illness within 14 days. Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2-infected children may develop PCC. |
Tuberculosis in United States-bound follow-to-join asylees, 2014-2019
Liu Y , Posey DL , Weinberg MS , Phares CR . Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024 Persons may seek asylum in the United States or at a U.S. port of entry. Principal asylees are those who are granted asylum status. Their spouse and unmarried children under 21 years of age may be granted asylum if accompanying, or following to join, the principal asylees. U.S.-bound follow-to-join asylees must undergo an overseas medical examination that includes tuberculosis (TB) screening. Culture-based overseas TB screening in U.S.-bound follow-to-join asylees has not been evaluated. We evaluated data from overseas TB screening in 19,088 arrivals of follow-to-join asylees during 2014-2019 and assessed data from their postarrival evaluation, which is recommended for those at risk for TB. Of 19,088 arrivals of follow-to-join asylees, 29 (152 cases/100,000 persons) met criteria for class B0 TB (recent completion of TB treatment overseas) and 340 (1,781 cases/100,000 persons) met criteria for class B1 pulmonary TB (chest radiograph/clinical symptoms suggestive of TB but negative sputum cultures overseas). Of 6,847 persons aged 2 to 14 years from countries with a WHO-estimated TB incidence of ≥20 cases/100,000 population/year, 408 (6.0%) were classified as class B2 latent TB infection (LTBI). Postarrival evaluations were completed in 44.8%, 51.5%, and 40.4% of persons with class B0 TB, class B1 TB, and class B2 LTBI, respectively. In conclusion, culture-based overseas TB screening in U.S.-bound follow-to-join asylees is effective in identifying those with TB (class B0 TB) or those at risk for TB (class B1 TB and class B2 LTBI). Completion of postarrival evaluation for newly arrived follow-to-join asylees was less frequent than that reported for immigrants and refugees. |
Clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19 in New Orleans, August 2020 to September 2021
Drouin A , Plumb ID , McCullough M , James Gist J , Liu S , Theberge M , Katz J , Moreida M , Flaherty S , Chatwani B , Briggs Hagen M , Midgley CM , Fusco D . Sci Rep 2024 14 (1) 6539 Louisiana experienced high morbidity and mortality from COVID-19. To assess possible explanatory factors, we conducted a cohort study (ClinSeqSer) of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in New Orleans during August 2020-September 2021. Following enrollment, we reviewed medical charts, and performed SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing on nasal and saliva specimens. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess associations between patient characteristics and severe illness, defined as ≥ 6 L/min oxygen or intubation. Among 456 patients, median age was 56 years, 277 (60.5%) were Black non-Hispanic, 436 (95.2%) had underlying health conditions, and 358 were unvaccinated (92.0% of 389 verified). Overall, 187 patients (40.1%) had severe illness; 60 (13.1%) died during admission. In multivariable models, severe illness was associated with age ≥ 65 years (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.22-3.56), hospitalization > 5 days after illness onset (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.01-2.21), and SARS CoV-2 cycle threshold (Ct) result of < 32 in saliva (OR 4.79, 95% CI 1.22-18.77). Among patients who were predominantly Black non-Hispanic, unvaccinated and with underlying health conditions, approximately 1 in 3 patients had severe COVID-19. Older age and delayed time to admission might have contributed to high case-severity. An association between case-severity and low Ct value in saliva warrants further investigation. |
HIV-1 incidence, adherence, and drug resistance in individuals taking daily emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV-1 pre-exposure prophylaxis: Pooled analysis from 72 global studies
Landovitz RJ , Tao L , Yang J , de Boer M , Carter C , Das M , Baeten JM , Liu A , Hoover KW , Celum C , Grinsztejn B , Morris S , Wheeler DP , Mayer KH , Golub SA , Bekker LG , Diabaté S , Hoornenborg E , Myers J , Leech AA , McCormack S , Chan PA , Sweat M , Matthews LT , Grant R . Clin Infect Dis 2024 BACKGROUND: Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (F/TDF) has high efficacy against HIV-1 acquisition. Seventy-two prospective studies of daily oral F/TDF PrEP were conducted to evaluate HIV-1 incidence, drug resistance, adherence, and bone and renal safety in diverse settings. METHODS: HIV-1 incidence was calculated from incident HIV-1 diagnoses after PrEP initiation and within 60 days of discontinuation. Tenofovir concentration in dried blood spots (DBS), drug resistance, and bone/renal safety indicators were evaluated in a subset of studies. RESULTS: Among 17,274 participants, there were 101 cases with new HIV-1 diagnosis (0.77 per 100 person-years; 95% CI 0.63-0.94). In 78 cases with resistance data, 18 (23%) had M184I or V, one (1.3%) had K65R, and three (3.8%) had both mutations. In 54 cases with tenofovir concentration data from DBS, 45 (83.3%), 2 (3.7%), 6 (11.1%), and 1 (1.9%) had average adherence of <2, 2-3, 4-6, and ≥7 doses/week, respectively, and the corresponding incidence was 3.9 (95% CI 2.9-5.3), 0.24 (0.060-0.95), 0.27 (0.12-0.60), and 0.054 (0.008-0.38) per 100 person-years. Adherence was low in younger participants, Hispanic/Latinx and Black participants, cisgender women, and transgender women. Bone and renal adverse event incidence rates were 0.69 and 11.8 per 100 person-years, respectively, consistent with previous reports. CONCLUSIONS: Leveraging the largest pooled analysis of global PrEP studies to date, we demonstrate that F/TDF is safe and highly effective, even with less than daily dosing, in diverse clinical settings, geographies, populations, and routes of HIV-1 exposure. |
Exposure among middle and high school students to warning labels on e-cigarette packages before and after an FDA requirement, 2018-2019
Snyder K , Liu ST , Donaldson EA , Wang T , Gentzke A . Prev Chronic Dis 2024 21 E16 INTRODUCTION: Beginning August 10, 2018, a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) rule required all e-cigarette packages to have a health warning. We examined exposure among middle and high school students to e-cigarette warnings before and after the compliance date of the FDA's deeming rule, a rule allowing the FDA to regulate e-cigarettes, cigars, and other products. METHODS: We analyzed data from middle and high school students participating in the 2018 and 2019 National Youth Tobacco Survey. We generated weighted prevalence estimates for any exposure ("rarely," "sometimes," "most of the time," or "always") and high exposure ("most of the time" or "always") to warnings. We used independent 2-sided t tests to examine differences in exposure between 2018 and 2019 and χ(2) tests to examine differences in any exposure and high exposure by demographic characteristics and tobacco use behaviors in 2019. Analyses excluded respondents who reported they had not seen an e-cigarette package. RESULTS: In 2019, 68.0% (vs 67.7% in 2018) of students reported any past 30-day exposure to e-cigarette warning labels and 35.0% (vs 28.7% in 2018) reported high exposure; we observed differences in the proportion of students reporting any and high exposure to warning labels across demographic characteristics and tobacco use behaviors. From 2018 to 2019, report of any and high exposure to e-cigarette warning labels increased among students who currently used any tobacco product and e-cigarettes. We observed increases in high exposure to e-cigarette warning labels overall, and among male students, female students, non-Hispanic White students, and middle and high school students. CONCLUSION: After implementation of the health warnings per the FDA's deeming rule, the percentage of current tobacco users and e-cigarette users among middle and high school students who reported any and high exposure to e-cigarette warning labels increased. Continued monitoring of reactions can inform if warnings are achieving their regulatory goal. |
Reducing alcohol use to prevent cancer deaths: Estimated effects among U.S. Adults
Esser MB , Sherk A , Liu Y , Henley SJ , Naimi TS . Am J Prev Med 2024 66 (4) 725-729 Introduction: The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020–2025 recommends non-drinking or no more than 2 drinks for men or 1 drink for women in a day. However, even at lower levels, alcohol use increases the risk for certain cancers. This study estimated mean annual alcohol-attributable cancer deaths and the number of cancer deaths that could potentially be prevented if all U.S. adults who drank in excess of the Dietary Guidelines had instead consumed alcohol to correspond with typical consumption of those who drink within the recommended limits. Methods: Among U.S. residents aged ≥20 years, mean annual alcohol-attributable cancer deaths during 2020–2021 that could have been prevented with hypothetical reductions in alcohol use were estimated. Mean daily alcohol consumption prevalence estimates from the 2020–2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, adjusted to per capita alcohol sales to address underreporting of drinking, were applied to relative risks to calculate population-attributable fractions for cancers that can occur from drinking alcohol. Analyses were conducted during February–April 2023. Results: In the U.S., an estimated 20,216 cancer deaths were alcohol-attributable/year during 2020–2021 (men: 14,562 [72.0%]; women: 5,654 [28.0%]). Approximately 16,800 deaths (83% of alcohol-attributable cancer deaths, 2.8% of all cancer deaths) could have been prevented/year if adults who drank alcohol in excess of the Dietary Guidelines had instead reduced their consumption to ≤2 drinks/day for men or ≤1 drink/day for women. Approximately 650 additional deaths could have been prevented annually if men consumed 1 drink/day, instead of 2. Conclusions: Implementing evidence-based alcohol policies (e.g., increasing alcohol taxes, regulating alcohol outlet density) to decrease drinking could reduce alcohol-attributable cancers, complementing clinical interventions. © 2023 |
Deaths from excessive alcohol use - United States, 2016-2021
Esser MB , Sherk A , Liu Y , Naimi TS . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2024 73 (8) 154-161 Deaths from causes fully attributable to alcohol use have increased during the past 2 decades in the United States, particularly from 2019 to 2020, concurrent with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, previous studies of trends have not assessed underlying causes of deaths that are partially attributable to alcohol use, such as injuries or certain types of cancer. CDC's Alcohol-Related Disease Impact application was used to estimate the average annual number and age-standardized rate of deaths from excessive alcohol use in the United States based on 58 alcohol-related causes of death during three periods (2016-2017, 2018-2019, and 2020-2021). Average annual number of deaths from excessive alcohol use increased 29.3%, from 137,927 during 2016-2017 to 178,307 during 2020-2021; age-standardized alcohol-related death rates increased from 38.1 to 47.6 per 100,000 population. During this time, deaths from excessive alcohol use among males increased 26.8%, from 94,362 per year to 119,606, and among females increased 34.7%, from 43,565 per year to 58,701. Implementation of evidence-based policies that reduce the availability and accessibility of alcohol and increase its price (e.g., policies that reduce the number and concentration of places selling alcohol and increase alcohol taxes) could reduce excessive alcohol use and alcohol-related deaths. |
Comparing binary & ordinal definitions of urinary & stool continence outcomes: Data from the National Spina Bifida Patient Registry
Kelly MS , Liu T , Routh JC , Castillo H , Tanaka ST , Smith K , Krach LE , Zhang A , Sherburne E , Castillo J , David J , Wiener JS . J Pediatr Urol 2024 INTRODUCTION: The National Spina Bifida Patient Registry (NSBPR) assesses bladder and bowel incontinence using ordinal categories, but prior NSBPR analyses employed binary classification. Our aims were to 1) perform the first NSBPR analysis of bladder and bowel incontinence as ordinal outcomes to compare to the binary definition and subject variables; 2) explore the correlation of incontinence with undergarment usage, and 3) assess incontinence status following continence surgeries. METHODS: Data from NSBPR participants' most recent clinic visit from 2013 to 2020 were analyzed. Ordinal categories of incontinence were compared to previously used binary definitions. Incontinence surgical outcomes were analyzed for those with data at least three months post-operatively. Chi-square tests evaluated associations among categorical variables. Univariate and ordinal logistic regression models were used to test associations of ordinal incontinence status with patient and condition factors. Statistical tests were 2-sided; p values < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: Analysis of 7217 individuals using ordinal incontinence outcomes showed little difference from previously used binary outcomes. The final multivariable logistic regression models with ordinal multinomial outcomes showed that associations of incontinence with age, sex, race/ethnicity, health insurance, level of lesion, and continence management technique were similar to prior studies. Among those reporting never being incontinent of both bladder and bowel, 14% reported using protective undergarments. Of the 500 individuals who had bladder outlet surgery, 38% reported never being incontinent of urine. Of 1416 individuals who had appendicostomy (ACE) bowel surgery, 48% reported never being incontinent of stool. DISCUSSION: Our current analysis showed that ordinal continence outcome classification had similar continence findings as previous studies using the binary definition of continence. Expanding the binary definition of continence to include monthly episodes of incontinence did not greatly increase the proportion of continent individuals and, therefore, would have not likely made meaningful differences in continence outcomes in prior NSBPR analyses. However, it is known that even mild incontinence can affect quality of life, therefore, capturing any level of incontiennce is of clinical importance. Confirmation of the association of continence outcomes with sociodemographic, condition-related, and interventional factors with both approaches further validates previous analyses using the binary definition of continence. CONCLUSION: The previously used binary definition of bladder and bowel continence appears robust. Undergarment choice was a poor surrogate for reported incontinence. After bladder and bowel continence surgeries, 38% and 48%, respectively, reported never being incontinent. |
Long noncoding RNA ABHD11-AS1 interacts with SART3 and regulates CD44 RNA alternative splicing to promote lung carcinogenesis
Wang PS , Liu Z , Sweef O , Xie J , Chen J , Zhu H , Zeidler-Erdely PC , Yang C , Wang Z . Environ Int 2024 185 108494 Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a common environmental pollutant and chronic exposure to Cr(VI) causes lung cancer in humans, however, the mechanism of Cr(VI) carcinogenesis has not been well understood. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death, although the mechanisms of how lung cancer develops and progresses have been poorly understood. While long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are found abnormally expressed in cancer, how dysregulated lncRNAs contribute to carcinogenesis remains largely unknown. The goal of this study is to investigate the mechanism of Cr(VI)-induced lung carcinogenesis focusing on the role of the lncRNA ABHD11 antisense RNA 1 (tail to tail) (ABHD11-AS1). It was found that the lncRNA ABHD11-AS1 expression levels are up-regulated in chronic Cr(VI) exposure-transformed human bronchial epithelial cells, chronically Cr(VI)-exposed mouse lung tissues, and human lung cancer cells as well. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that ABHD11-AS1 levels are up-regulated in lung adenocarcinomas (LUADs) tissues and associated with worse overall survival of LUAD patients but not in lung squamous cell carcinomas. It was further determined that up-regulation of ABHD11-AS1 expression plays an important role in chronic Cr(VI) exposure-induced cell malignant transformation and tumorigenesis, and the stemness of human lung cancer cells. Mechanistically, it was found that ABHD11-AS1 directly binds SART3 (spliceosome associated factor 3, U4/U6 recycling protein). The interaction of ABHD11-AS1 with SART3 promotes USP15 (ubiquitin specific peptidase 15) nuclear localization. Nuclear localized USP15 interacts with pre-mRNA processing factor 19 (PRPF19) to increase CD44 RNA alternative splicing activating β-catenin and enhancing cancer stemness. Together, these findings indicate that lncRNA ABHD11-AS1 interacts with SART3 and regulates CD44 RNA alternative splicing to promote cell malignant transformation and lung carcinogenesis. |
Association of COVID-19 pandemic societal closures with gestational weight gain among women in South Carolina, 2018-2021
Tori ME , Gosdin L , Shih Y , Hung P , Li X , Liu J . Ann Epidemiol 2024 91 51-57 PURPOSE: During the early COVID-19 pandemic, an increase in weight gain among the general population was observed; however, gestational weight gain (GWG) was not thoroughly evaluated. We evaluated changes in GWG during the pandemic closures in South Carolina. METHODS: We used live, singleton birth records to compare GWG outcomes among three pregnancy groups occurring before (January 2018-February 2020), during (March-May 2020), and after (June 2020-December 2021) pandemic closures. GWG categories were defined by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations. We used multinomial logistic regression models to calculate prevalence ratios (PRs) of GWG categories stratified by prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) category. RESULTS: We analyzed 177,571 birth records. Women with normal weight (n = 64,491, 36%) had a slightly lower prevalence of excessive GWG during and after the pandemic closures (PR 0.94; 95% CI: 0.91-0.98 and PR 0.95; 95% CI: 0.93-0.98, respectively). We observed no changes in GWG patterns for women with overweight and obesity. CONCLUSIONS: We found limited changes in GWG patterns for a subset of pregnant women during and after pandemic closures, compared with prepandemic period in South Carolina, countering findings of weight changes among the general population. |
Clinical and laboratory findings of the first imported case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus to the United States.
Kapoor M , Pringle K , Kumar A , Dearth S , Liu L , Lovchik J , Perez O , Pontones P , Richards S , Yeadon-Fagbohun J , Breakwell L , Chea N , Cohen NJ , Schneider E , Erdman D , Haynes L , Pallansch M , Tao Y , Tong S , Gerber S , Swerdlow D , Feikin DR . Clin Infect Dis 2014 59 (11) 1511-8 BACKGROUND: The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was discovered September 2012 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The first US case of MERS-CoV was confirmed on 2 May 2014. METHODS: We summarize the clinical symptoms and signs, laboratory and radiologic findings, and MERS-CoV-specific tests. RESULTS: The patient is a 65-year-old physician who worked in a hospital in KSA where MERS-CoV patients were treated. His illness onset included malaise, myalgias, and low-grade fever. He flew to the United States on day of illness (DOI) 7. His first respiratory symptom, a dry cough, developed on DOI 10. On DOI 11, he presented to an Indiana hospital as dyspneic, hypoxic, and with a right lower lobe infiltrate on chest radiography. On DOI 12, his serum tested positive by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) for MERS-CoV and showed high MERS-CoV antibody titers, whereas his nasopharyngeal swab was rRT-PCR negative. Expectorated sputum was rRT-PCR positive the following day, with a high viral load (5.31 × 10(6) copies/mL). He was treated with antibiotics, intravenous immunoglobulin, and oxygen by nasal cannula. He was discharged on DOI 22. The genome sequence was similar (>99%) to other known MERS-CoV sequences, clustering with those from KSA from June to July 2013. CONCLUSIONS: This patient had a prolonged nonspecific prodromal illness before developing respiratory symptoms. Both sera and sputum were rRT-PCR positive when nasopharyngeal specimens were negative. US clinicians must be vigilant for MERS-CoV in patients with febrile and/or respiratory illness with recent travel to the Arabian Peninsula, especially among healthcare workers. |
Rapid outbreak sequencing of Ebola virus in Sierra Leone identifies transmission chains linked to sporadic cases.
Arias A , Watson SJ , Asogun D , Tobin EA , Lu J , Phan MVT , Jah U , Wadoum REG , Meredith L , Thorne L , Caddy S , Tarawalie A , Langat P , Dudas G , Faria NR , Dellicour S , Kamara A , Kargbo B , Kamara BO , Gevao S , Cooper D , Newport M , Horby P , Dunning J , Sahr F , Brooks T , Simpson AJH , Groppelli E , Liu G , Mulakken N , Rhodes K , Akpablie J , Yoti Z , Lamunu M , Vitto E , Otim P , Owilli C , Boateng I , Okoror L , Omomoh E , Oyakhilome J , Omiunu R , Yemisis I , Adomeh D , Ehikhiametalor S , Akhilomen P , Aire C , Kurth A , Cook N , Baumann J , Gabriel M , Wölfel R , Di Caro A , Carroll MW , Günther S , Redd J , Naidoo D , Pybus OG , Rambaut A , Kellam P , Goodfellow I , Cotten M . Virus Evol 2016 2 (1) vew016 To end the largest known outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa and to prevent new transmissions, rapid epidemiological tracing of cases and contacts was required. The ability to quickly identify unknown sources and chains of transmission is key to ending the EVD epidemic and of even greater importance in the context of recent reports of Ebola virus (EBOV) persistence in survivors. Phylogenetic analysis of complete EBOV genomes can provide important information on the source of any new infection. A local deep sequencing facility was established at the Mateneh Ebola Treatment Centre in central Sierra Leone. The facility included all wetlab and computational resources to rapidly process EBOV diagnostic samples into full genome sequences. We produced 554 EBOV genomes from EVD cases across Sierra Leone. These genomes provided a detailed description of EBOV evolution and facilitated phylogenetic tracking of new EVD cases. Importantly, we show that linked genomic and epidemiological data can not only support contact tracing but also identify unconventional transmission chains involving body fluids, including semen. Rapid EBOV genome sequencing, when linked to epidemiological information and a comprehensive database of virus sequences across the outbreak, provided a powerful tool for public health epidemic control efforts. |
Epidemiologic and genetic characteristics of mumps viruses isolated in China from 1995 to 2010.
Cui A , Zhu Z , Chen M , Zheng H , Liu L , Wang Y , Ma Y , Wang C , Fang X , Li P , Guan R , Wang S , Zhou J , Zheng L , Gao H , Ding Z , Li L , Bo F , Sun Z , Zhang Z , Feng D , He J , Chen H , Jin L , Rota PA , Xu W . Infect Genet Evol 2014 21 384-90 The epidemiologic and genetic characteristics of mumps viruses detected in China from 1995 to 2010 were analyzed in this study. Mumps remains endemic in China with a high overall incidence rate. The incidence of mumps in Western China was higher than that in other regions of the country. Each year, most of mumps cases occurred between April and July, but a small peak also occurred in November and December. Mumps cases primarily affected the under 15 year old age group. Virologic data demonstrated that genotype F was the predominant circulating genotype throughout China for at least 15 years and no other genotype was detected between 1995 and 2010. Analysis of sequence data from the small hydrophobic (SH) gene indicated that multiple transmission chains of genotype F were found in various provinces of China, with no apparent chronologic and geographic restriction. This is the first report describing the epidemiology of mumps and genetic characterization of mumps viruses at the national level in China. |
Developing a COVID-19 WHO Clinical Progression Scale inpatient database from electronic health record data.
Ramaswamy P , Gong JJ , Saleh SN , McDonald SA , Blumberg S , Medford RJ , Liu X . J Am Med Inform Assoc 2022 29 (7) 1279-1285 OBJECTIVE: There is a need for a systematic method to implement the World Health Organization's Clinical Progression Scale (WHO-CPS), an ordinal clinical severity score for coronavirus disease 2019 patients, to electronic health record (EHR) data. We discuss our process of developing guiding principles mapping EHR data to WHO-CPS scores across multiple institutions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using WHO-CPS as a guideline, we developed the technical blueprint to map EHR data to ordinal clinical severity scores. We applied our approach to data from 2 medical centers. RESULTS: Our method was able to classify clinical severity for 100% of patient days for 2756 patient encounters across 2 institutions. DISCUSSION: Implementing new clinical scales can be challenging; strong understanding of health system data architecture was integral to meet the clinical intentions of the WHO-CPS. CONCLUSION: We describe a detailed blueprint for how to apply the WHO-CPS scale to patient data from the EHR. |
Telemedicine trends and lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic-World Trade Center Health Program, 2020-2021
Azofeifa A , Liu R , Dupont H , Reissman DB . Public Health Rep 2024 333549231223143 The World Trade Center (WTC) Health Program, a limited federal health care program for eligible people exposed to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, expanded telemedicine services during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2021). We analyzed service use trends from January 2020 through December 2021 to describe how the program implemented telemedicine services. About three-quarters (75%) of telemedicine visits were for mental health-related services. In the second quarter of 2020 (April-June), the number of telemedicine visits per 1000 members (n = 367) increased, exceeding in-person visits (n = 152) by 1.4-fold. The number of telemedicine visits per 1000 members decreased gradually during the rest of the study period but still represented 38% of total visits by the end of 2021. Changes in telemedicine visits were offset by comparable changes for in-person visits, such that the rate of total visits was essentially constant during the study period. Multivariate logistic regression models showed differences in telemedicine visit rates by member type and by demographic characteristics. Survivor members (vs responder members), those self-identified as non-Hispanic Other races (vs non-Hispanic White), those with preferred language not English (vs preferred language English), and those not living in the New York metropolitan area (vs living in the New York metropolitan area) were less likely to use telemedicine. Implementing telemedicine services in the WTC Health Program during the COVID-19 pandemic underscored the importance of extensive collaboration among partners, the capacity to rapidly develop necessary technical guidance, and the flexibility to address frequent regulatory guidance updates in a timely fashion. These lessons learned may guide similar health care providers posed with time-sensitive disruptions of in-person services. |
Redirecting antibody responses from egg-adapted epitopes following repeat vaccination with recombinant or cell culture-based versus egg-based influenza vaccines
Liu F , Gross FL , Joshi S , Gaglani M , Naleway AL , Murthy K , Groom HC , Wesley MG , Edwards LJ , Grant L , Kim SS , Sambhara S , Gangappa S , Tumpey T , Thompson MG , Fry AM , Flannery B , Dawood FS , Levine MZ . Nat Commun 2024 15 (1) 254 Repeat vaccination with egg-based influenza vaccines could preferentially boost antibodies targeting the egg-adapted epitopes and reduce immunogenicity to circulating viruses. In this randomized trial (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03722589), sera pre- and post-vaccination with quadrivalent inactivated egg-based (IIV4), cell culture-based (ccIIV4), and recombinant (RIV4) influenza vaccines were collected from healthcare personnel (18-64 years) in 2018-19 (N = 723) and 2019-20 (N = 684) influenza seasons. We performed an exploratory analysis. Vaccine egg-adapted changes had the most impact on A(H3N2) immunogenicity. In year 1, RIV4 induced higher neutralizing and total HA head binding antibodies to cell- A(H3N2) virus than ccIIV4 and IIV4. In year 2, among the 7 repeat vaccination arms (IIV4-IIV4, IIV4-ccIIV4, IIV4-RIV4, RIV4-ccIIV4, RIV4-RIV4, ccIIV4-ccIIV4 and ccIIV4-RIV4), repeat vaccination with either RIV4 or ccIIV4 further improved antibody responses to circulating viruses with decreased neutralizing antibody egg/cell ratio. RIV4 also had higher post-vaccination A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) HA stalk antibodies in year 1, but there was no significant difference in HA stalk antibody fold rise among vaccine groups in either year 1 or year 2. Multiple seasons of non-egg-based vaccination may be needed to redirect antibody responses from immune memory to egg-adapted epitopes and re-focus the immune responses towards epitopes on the circulating viruses to improve vaccine effectiveness. |
Opioid prescriptions among the World Trade Center Health Program population
Liu R , Calvert GM , Anderson KR , Malcolm H , Cimineri L , Dupont H , Martinez M . BMC Health Serv Res 2023 23 (1) 1323 BACKGROUND: The World Trade Center Health Program (Program) provides limited health care to those directly affected by the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Because of physical/mental trauma arising from the 9/11 attacks, Program members might be at high risk of opioid use. To prevent prescription opioid overuse, in 2018 the Program implemented various measures to improve opioid prescribing and expand access to non-opioid pain management among Program members. However, the characteristics of opioid prescriptions dispensed among this population has never been described. METHODS: Administrative and claims data from 07/01/2011 to 09/30/2022 were used to describe opioid prescriptions dispensed during 2013-2021. RESULTS: From 2013-2021, 108,285 members were Program-enrolled for ≥ 10 months, 4,053 (3.7%) had 22,938 outpatient opioid prescriptions, of which, 62.1% were for cancer-related pain, 11.1% for hospice/end of life care, 4.8% for surgery pain, and 9.8% for acute/chronic pain. Among members with Program-paid diagnostic/treatment claims (n = 70,721), the proportion with opioid prescriptions for cancer/hospice/end of life care increased from 0.5% in 2013 to 1.6% in 2018 (p = 0.010), then decreased to 1.1% in 2021 (p = 0.070), and the proportion for non-cancer surgery/acute/chronic pain decreased from 0.6% in 2013 to 0.23% in 2021 (p = 0.0005). Among members prescribed opioids without cancer/hospice/sickle cell disease, the proportion who started with long-acting opioids or had opioid prescriptions from ≥ 4 prescribers were below 6.5% annually; the proportion receiving a high-dose (≥ 90 morphine milligram equivalents per day [MED]), or with concurrent opioids and benzodiazepines use, or who started opioids with MED ≥ 50 or with long duration (≥ 7 days' supply) were above 10% annually, but decreased since 2017. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of outpatient opioid prescriptions paid by the Program was very low and prescriptions were primarily dispensed for cancer/hospice/end of life care. Although Program efforts to improve opioid prescribing coincided with improvements in outcomes, ongoing surveillance is needed. |
Trends in the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among adults aged ≥18 years - United States, 2011-2021
Liu Y , Carlson SA , Watson KB , Xu F , Greenlund KJ . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023 72 (46) 1250-1256 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of death in the United States. Overall COPD prevalence declined during 1999-2011. Trends in COPD prevalence during the previous decade have not been reported. CDC analyzed 2011-2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data to assess trends and differences in self-reported physician-diagnosed COPD prevalence among U.S. adults aged ≥18 years. Age-standardized prevalence of COPD did not change significantly from 2011 (6.1%) to 2021 (6.0%). Prevalence was stable for most states and subgroups; however, it decreased significantly among adults aged 18-44 years (average annual percent change [AAPC] = -2.0%) and increased significantly among those aged ≥75 years (AAPC = 1.3%), those living in micropolitan counties (0.8%), and among current (1.5%) or former (1.2%) smokers. COPD prevalence remained elevated in the following groups: women, adults aged ≥65 years, those with a lower education level, unable to work, living in rural areas, and who ever smoked. Evidence-based strategies, especially those tailored for adults disproportionately affected, can reduce COPD prevalence, and address the continued need for prevention, early diagnosis, treatment, and management. |
Antibody-mediated suppression regulates the humoral immune response to influenza vaccination in humans
Lu X , Liu F , Tzeng WP , York IA , Tumpey T , Levine MZ . J Infect Dis 2023 BACKGROUND: Pre-existing immunity, including memory B-cells and pre-existing antibodies, can modulate antibody responses to influenza in vivo to antigenically related antigens. We investigated whether pre-existing hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibodies targeting the K163 epitope on the hemagglutinin (K163-antibodies) could affect antibody responses following vaccination with A/California/07/2009-like (CA/09) A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza viruses in humans. METHODS: Pre- and post-vaccination sera collected from 300 adults (birth year:1961-1998) in 6 seasons (2010-2016) were analyzed using HAI assays with 2 reverse genetics viruses and A(H1N1) viruses circulated from 1977 to 2018. Antibody adsorption assays were used to verify the pre-existing K163-antibody-mediated suppression effect. RESULTS: Pre-existing K163-antibody titers of ≥80 affected HAI antibody responses following influenza vaccination containing CA/09-like antigens. At high K163-antibody concentrations (HAI antibody titers≥160), all HAI antibody responses were suppressed, while at moderate K163-antibody concentrations (HAI antibody titer=80), only K163-epitope-specific antibody responses were suppressed and novel HAI antibody responses targeting the non-K163-epitope(s) were induced by vaccination. Novel antibodies targeting non-K163 epitope(s) cross-reacted with newly emerging A(H1N1)pdm09 strains with a K163Q mutation, rather than historic 1977-2007 A(H1N1) viruses. CONCLUSION: K163-antibody-mediated suppression shapes antibody responses to A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination. Understanding how pre-existing antibodies suppress and redirect vaccine-induced antibody responses is of great importance to improve vaccine effectiveness. |
Changing social contact patterns among US workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: April 2020 to December 2021
Kiti MC , Aguolu OG , Zelaya A , Chen HY , Ahmed N , Batross J , Liu CY , Nelson KN , Jenness SM , Melegaro A , Ahmed F , Malik F , Omer SB , Lopman BA . Epidemics 2023 45 100727 Non-pharmaceutical interventions minimize social contacts, hence the spread of respiratory pathogens such as influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Globally, there is a paucity of social contact data from the workforce. In this study, we quantified two-day contact patterns among USA employees. Contacts were defined as face-to-face conversations, involving physical touch or proximity to another individual and were collected using electronic self-kept diaries. Data were collected over 4 rounds from 2020 to 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Mean (standard deviation) contacts reported by 1456 participants were 2.5 (2.5), 8.2 (7.1), 9.2 (7.1) and 10.1 (9.5) across round 1 (April-June 2020), 2 (November 2020-January 2021), 3 (June-August 2021), and 4 (November-December 2021), respectively. Between round 1 and 2, we report a 3-fold increase in the mean number of contacts reported per participant with no major increases from round 2-4. We then modeled SARS-CoV-2 transmission at home, work, and community settings. The model revealed reduced relative transmission in all settings in round 1. Subsequently, transmission increased at home and in the community but remained exceptionally low in work settings. To accurately parameterize models of infection transmission and control, we need empirical social contact data that capture human mixing behavior across time. |
Rape and sexual coercion related pregnancy in the United States
D'Angelo DV , Liu Y , Basile KC , Smith SG , Chen J , Friar NW , Stevens M . Am J Prev Med 2023 INTRODUCTION: Sexual violence is a major public health problem in the United States (U.S.) that is associated with numerous health impacts, including pregnancy. U.S. population-based estimates (2010-2012) found that 3 million women experienced a rape-related pregnancy during their lifetimes. The current study presents more recent estimates of rape and sexual coercion-related pregnancy and examines prevalence by demographic characteristics. METHODS: Data years 2016/2017 were pooled from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, a random-digit-dial telephone survey of U.S. non-institutionalized adults 18 years and older. The analysis, conducted in 2023, examined lifetime experience of rape-related pregnancy, sexual coercion-related pregnancy, or both among U.S. women. Authors calculated prevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals and conducted pairwise chi-square tests (p-value < 0.05) to describe experiences by current age, race/ethnicity, and region of residence among U.S. women overall and among victims. RESULTS: One in 20 women in the U.S., or over 5.9 million women, experienced a pregnancy from either rape, sexual coercion, or both during their lifetimes. Non-Hispanic Multiracial women experienced a higher prevalence of all three outcomes compared with non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic women. Among victims who experienced pregnancy from rape, 28% experienced a sexually transmitted disease, 66% were injured, and over 80% were fearful or concerned for their safety. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancy as a consequence of rape or sexual coercion is experienced by an estimated 6 million U.S. women. Prevention efforts may include health care screenings to identify violence exposure and use of evidence-based prevention approaches to reduce sexual violence. |
Design and optimization of novel competitive, non-peptidic, SARS-CoV-2 M(pro) inhibitors
Jacobs L , van der Westhuyzen A , Pribut N , Dentmon ZW , Cui D , D'Erasmo MP , Bartsch PW , Liu K , Cox RM , Greenlund SF , Plemper RK , Mitchell D , Marlow J , Andrews MK , Krueger RE , Sticher ZM , Kolykhalov AA , Natchus MG , Zhou B , Pelly SC , Liotta DC . ACS Med Chem Lett 2023 14 (10) 1434-1440 The SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M(pro)) has been proven to be a highly effective target for therapeutic intervention, yet only one drug currently holds FDA approval status for this target. We were inspired by a series of publications emanating from the Jorgensen and Anderson groups describing the design of potent, non-peptidic, competitive SARS-CoV-2 M(pro) inhibitors, and we saw an opportunity to make several design modifications to improve the overall pharmacokinetic profile of these compounds without losing potency. To this end, we created a focused virtual library using reaction-based enumeration tools in the Schrödinger suite. These compounds were docked into the M(pro) active site and subsequently prioritized for synthesis based upon relative binding affinity values calculated by FEP+. Fourteen compounds were selected, synthesized, and evaluated both biochemically and in cell culture. Several of the synthesized compounds proved to be potent, competitive M(pro) inhibitors with improved metabolic stability profiles. |
Age-specific probability of 4 major health outcomes in children with spina bifida
Gilbertson KE , Liu T , Wiener JS , Walker WO Jr , Smith K , Castillo J , Castillo H , Wilson P , Peterson P , Clayton GH , Valdez R . J Dev Behav Pediatr 2023 44 (9) e633-e641 OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to estimate the age-specific probability of 4 health outcomes in a large registry of individuals with spina bifida (SB). METHODS: The association between age and 4 health outcomes was examined in individuals with myelomeningocele (MMC, n = 5627) and non-myelomeningocele (NMMC, n = 1442) from the National Spina Bifida Patient Registry. Sixteen age categories were created, 1 for each year between the ages of 5 and 19 years and 1 for those aged 20 years or older. Generalized linear models were used to calculate the adjusted probability and 95% prediction intervals of each outcome for each age category, adjusting for sex and race/ethnicity. RESULTS: For the MMC and NMMC groups, the adjusted coefficients for the correlation between age and the probability of each outcome were -0.933 and -0.657 for bladder incontinence, -0.922 and -0.773 for bowel incontinence, 0.942 and 0.382 for skin breakdown, and 0.809 and 0.619 for lack of ambulation, respectively. CONCLUSION: In individuals with SB, age is inversely associated with the probability of bladder and bowel incontinence and directly associated with the probability of skin breakdown and lack of ambulation. The estimated age-specific probabilities of each outcome can help SB clinicians estimate the expected proportion of patients with the outcome at specific ages and explain the probability of the occurrence of these outcomes to patients and their families. |
Rotavirus genotypes in the post-vaccine era: A systematic review and meta-analysis of global, regional, and temporal trends in settings with and without rotavirus vaccine introduction
Amin AB , Cates JE , Liu Z , Wu J , Ali I , Rodriguez A , Panjwani J , Tate JE , Lopman BA , Parashar UD . J Infect Dis 2023 BACKGROUND: Even moderate differences in rotavirus vaccine effectiveness against non-vaccine genotypes may exert selective pressures on circulating rotaviruses. Whether this vaccine effect or natural temporal fluctuations underlie observed changes in genotype distributions is unclear. METHODS: We systematically reviewed studies reporting rotavirus genotypes from children <5 years of age globally between 2005 and 2023. We compared rotavirus genotypes between vaccine-introducing and non-introducing settings globally and by World Health Organization (WHO) region, calendar time, and time since vaccine introduction. RESULTS: Crude pooling of genotype data from 361 studies indicated higher G2P[4], a non-vaccine genotype, prevalence in vaccine-introducing settings, both globally and by WHO region. This difference did not emerge when examining genotypes over time in the Americas, the only region with robust longitudinal data. Relative to non-introducing settings, G2P[4] detections were more likely in settings with recent introduction (e.g. 1-2 years post-introduction aOR: 4.39 (95% CI: 2.87-6.72)) but were similarly likely in settings with more time elapsed since introduction, (e.g. 7 or more years aOR (1.62 95% CI: 0.49-5.37)). CONCLUSIONS: When accounting for both regional and temporal trends, there was no substantial evidence of long-term vaccine-related selective pressures on circulating genotypes. Increased prevalence of G2P[4] may be transient after rotavirus vaccine introduction. |
Five-year outcomes of the China National Free Antiretroviral Treatment Program
Zhang F , Dou Z , Ma Y , Zhao Y , Liu Z , Bulterys M , Chen RY . Ann Intern Med 2009 151 (4) I-42 BACKGROUND: China's National Free Antiretroviral Treatment Program began in 2002 and, by August 2008, included over 52,000 patients. OBJECTIVE: To report five year outcomes on adult mortality and immunological treatment failure rates and risk factors. DESIGN: Open cohort analysis of prospectively collected observational database. PATIENTS: All patients in national treatment database from June 2002-August 2008. Patients excluded if not started on triple therapy or had missing treatment regimen information. INTERVENTION: Antiretroviral therapy per Chinese national treatment guidelines. MEASUREMENTS: Mortality rate and immunologic treatment failure rate using World Health Organization criteria. RESULTS: Of 52,191 total patients, 48,785 were included. Median age was 38 years, 58% were male, 53% were infected through plasma/blood, and median baseline CD4 cell count was 118/μL. Mortality was greatest during the first three months of treatment (22.6/100 person-years) but declined to a steady rate of 4-5/100 person-years after six months and maintained over the subsequent 4½ years. Baseline CD4 cell count <50/μL (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 3.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.9-3.8, compared to ≥200/μL) and having 4-5 baseline symptom categories (adjusted HR 3.4, 95% CI 2.9-4.0, compared to no baseline symptoms) were the strongest mortality risk factors. Treatment failure was determined among 31,070 with ≥1 follow-up CD4 cell count. Overall, 25% (12.0/100 person-years) failed treatment with the cumulative treatment failure rate increasing to 50% at five years. LIMITATION: Immunologic treatment failure does not necessarily correlate well with virologic treatment failure. CONCLUSIONS: The National Free Antiretroviral Treatment Program reduced mortality among adult AIDS patients in China to rates comparable to other low or middle-income countries. A cumulative immunological treatment failure rate of 50% after five years, with limited availability of second-line regimens, is of great concern. |
Investigating the associations between socioeconomic factors and unhealthy days among adults using zero-inflated negative binomial regression
Liu J , Jiang N , Fan AZ , Thompson WW , Ding R , Ni S . SAGE Open 2023 13 (3) Poor social and economic circumstances affect the health of individuals throughout the life cycle. The purpose of the study was to examine whether state-level and individual-level socioeconomic factors are associated with mentally or physically unhealthy days in the general U.S. population of adults. The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and the American Community Survey in 2016 were used to examine state-level social determinants of health and the number of self-reported mentally unhealthy days in the last 30 days using Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial (ZINB) regression models. Men, older individuals, minorities, persons with higher educational attainment levels, persons who were employed, persons who were married, or with a partner, and persons with one or zero chronic condition were more likely to report excessive zeros for responses to the mentally, and physically unhealthy days. The negative binomial regression results indicated that higher state-level poverty rates, higher income inequity, lower median income, and higher unemployment rates were related to the higher number of reported mentally, and physically unhealthy days. Persons with higher educational attainment, and who were employed reported lower mentally, and physically unhealthy days. The findings show significant relationships between socioeconomic contexts and general health status. Health planners and policymakers may use the results to allocate resources and guide public policies and programs. © The Author(s) 2023. |
Annual (2023) taxonomic update of RNA-directed RNA polymerase-encoding negative-sense RNA viruses (realm Riboviria: kingdom Orthornavirae: phylum Negarnaviricota)
Kuhn JH , Abe J , Adkins S , Alkhovsky SV , Avšič-Županc T , Ayllón MA , Bahl J , Balkema-Buschmann A , Ballinger MJ , Kumar Baranwal V , Beer M , Bejerman N , Bergeron É , Biedenkopf N , Blair CD , Blasdell KR , Blouin AG , Bradfute SB , Briese T , Brown PA , Buchholz UJ , Buchmeier MJ , Bukreyev A , Burt F , Büttner C , Calisher CH , Cao M , Casas I , Chandran K , Charrel RN , Kumar Chaturvedi K , Chooi KM , Crane A , Dal Bó E , Carlos de la Torre J , de Souza WM , de Swart RL , Debat H , Dheilly NM , Di Paola N , Di Serio F , Dietzgen RG , Digiaro M , Drexler JF , Duprex WP , Dürrwald R , Easton AJ , Elbeaino T , Ergünay K , Feng G , Firth AE , Fooks AR , Formenty PBH , Freitas-Astúa J , Gago-Zachert S , Laura García M , García-Sastre A , Garrison AR , Gaskin TR , Gong W , Gonzalez JJ , de Bellocq J , Griffiths A , Groschup MH , Günther I , Günther S , Hammond J , Hasegawa Y , Hayashi K , Hepojoki J , Higgins CM , Hongō S , Horie M , Hughes HR , Hume AJ , Hyndman TH , Ikeda K , Jiāng D , Jonson GB , Junglen S , Klempa B , Klingström J , Kondō H , Koonin EV , Krupovic M , Kubota K , Kurath G , Laenen L , Lambert AJ , Lǐ J , Li JM , Liu R , Lukashevich IS , MacDiarmid RM , Maes P , Marklewitz M , Marshall SH , Marzano SL , McCauley JW , Mirazimi A , Mühlberger E , Nabeshima T , Naidu R , Natsuaki T , Navarro B , Navarro JA , Neriya Y , Netesov SV , Neumann G , Nowotny N , Nunes MRT , Ochoa-Corona FM , Okada T , Palacios G , Pallás V , Papa A , Paraskevopoulou S , Parrish CR , Pauvolid-Corrêa A , Pawęska JT , Pérez DR , Pfaff F , Plemper RK , Postler TS , Rabbidge LO , Radoshitzky SR , Ramos-González PL , Rehanek M , Resende RO , Reyes CA , Rodrigues TCS , Romanowski V , Rubbenstroth D , Rubino L , Runstadler JA , Sabanadzovic S , Sadiq S , Salvato MS , Sasaya T , Schwemmle M , Sharpe SR , Shi M , Shimomoto Y , Kavi Sidharthan V , Sironi M , Smither S , Song JW , Spann KM , Spengler JR , Stenglein MD , Takada A , Takeyama S , Tatara A , Tesh RB , Thornburg NJ , Tian X , Tischler ND , Tomitaka Y , Tomonaga K , Tordo N , Tu C , Turina M , Tzanetakis IE , Maria Vaira A , van den Hoogen B , Vanmechelen B , Vasilakis N , Verbeek M , von Bargen S , Wada J , Wahl V , Walker PJ , Waltzek TB , Whitfield AE , Wolf YI , Xia H , Xylogianni E , Yanagisawa H , Yano K , Ye G , Yuan Z , Zerbini FM , Zhang G , Zhang S , Zhang YZ , Zhao L , Økland AL . J Gen Virol 2023 104 (8) In April 2023, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by one new family, 14 new genera, and 140 new species. Two genera and 538 species were renamed. One species was moved, and four were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV. |
Heterologous prime-boost vaccination with inactivated influenza viruses induces more effective cross-protection than homologous repeat vaccination
Bhatnagar N , Kim KH , Subbiah J , Muhammad-Worsham S , Park BR , Liu R , Grovenstein P , Wang BZ , Kang SM . Vaccines (Basel) 2023 11 (7) With concerns about the efficacy of repeat annual influenza vaccination, it is important to better understand the impact of priming vaccine immunity and develop an effective vaccination strategy. Here, we determined the impact of heterologous prime-boost vaccination on inducing broader protective immunity compared to repeat vaccination with the same antigen. The primed mice that were intramuscularly boosted with a heterologous inactivated influenza A virus (H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, H7N9, H9N2) vaccine showed increased strain-specific hemagglutination inhibition titers against prime and boost vaccine strains. Heterologous prime-boost vaccination of mice with inactivated viruses was more effective in inducing high levels of IgG antibodies specific for groups 1 and 2 hemagglutinin stalk domains, as well as cross-protection, compared to homologous vaccination. Both humoral and T cell immunity were found to play a critical role in conferring cross-protection by heterologous prime-boost vaccination. These results support a strategy to enhance cross-protective efficacy by heterologous prime-boost influenza vaccination. |
Safety Monitoring of mRNA Vaccines Administered During the Initial 6 Months of the U.S. COVID-19 Vaccination Program: Reports to Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) and v-safe (preprint)
Rosenblum HG , Gee J , Liu R , Marquez PL , Zhang B , Strid P , Abara WE , McNeil MM , Myers TR , Hause AM , Su JR , Baer B , Menschik D , Markowitz LE , Shimabukuro TT , Shay DK . medRxiv 2021 2021.10.26.21265261 Background In December 2020, two mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines were authorized for use in the United States. Vaccine safety was monitored using the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), a passive surveillance system, and v-safe, an active surveillance system.Methods VAERS and v-safe data during December 14, 2020—June 14, 2021 were analyzed. VAERS reports were categorized as non-serious, serious, or death; reporting rates were calculated. Rates of reported deaths were compared to expected mortality rates by age. Proportions of v-safe participants reporting local and systemic reactions or health impacts the week following doses 1 and 2 were determined.Findings During the analytic period, 298,792,852 doses of mRNA vaccines were administered in the United States. VAERS processed 340,522 reports; 92·1% were non-serious; 6·6%, serious, non-death; and 1·3%, death. Over half of 7,914,583 v-safe participants self-reported local and systemic reactogenicity, more frequently after dose 2. Injection-site pain, fatigue, and headache were commonly reported during days 0–7 following vaccination. Reactogenicity was reported most frequently one day after vaccination; most reactions were mild. More reports of being unable to work or do normal activities occurred after dose 2 (32·1%) than dose 1 (11·9%); <1% of participants reported seeking medical care after vaccination. Rates of deaths reported to VAERS were lower than expected background rates by age group.Interpretation Safety data from >298 million doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine administered in the first 6 months of the U.S. vaccination program show the majority of reported adverse events were mild and short in duration.Competing Interest StatementDisclosures: Ruiling Liu- Stock or stock options, Johnson &Johnson50 shares of stocks Moderna20 shares of stocks & Spouse works for Ethicon|Johnson & Johnson, on surgery robotics Funding StatementThis study did not receive any funding.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Both VAERS and v-safe conduct surveillance as a public health function and are exempt from institutional review board review. This analysis was reviewed by the CDC and conducted in accordance with applicable federal law and CDC policy (See: 45 C.F.R. part 46.102(l)(2), 21 C.F.R. part 56; 42 U.S.C. 241(d); 5 U.S.C. 552a; 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.). I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData produced in the present study are available upon reasonable request to the authors |
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